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Chapter 0
biology • matric 9th

Biomolecules

Comprehensive notes, solved MCQs, and Short Questions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 6 Biomolecules. Covers Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, DNA, RNA, and Metabolism.

Biochemistry and Biomolecules

Biochemistry: Study of chemical processes within living organisms. Molecular Biology: Study of structure and function of biomolecules.

Biomolecules: Molecules produced by organisms. Major types: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA). They make up the structure of organelles and cells.

Metabolism

All chemical reactions in an organism.

  • Anabolism: Synthesis of complex substances from simpler ones (uses energy).
  • Catabolism: Breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones (releases energy).

Carbohydrates (Saccharides)

Organic compounds with Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (ratio of H:O is 2:1). General formula: $C_n(H_2O)_n$.

  • Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (3-7 carbons). Sweet, soluble. Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose (Hexoses), Ribose/Deoxyribose (Pentoses).
  • Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides. Less sweet, less soluble. Examples: Sucrose (Table sugar), Maltose, Lactose.
  • Polysaccharides: Many monosaccharides. Tasteless, insoluble. Examples: Starch (plant storage), Glycogen (animal storage), Cellulose (plant cell wall), Chitin (fungi cell wall/exoskeleton).

Proteins

Polymers of Amino Acids. Most abundant biomolecule in cells. Functions include:

  • Structural: Collagen (bones/cartilage), Keratin (hair/nails), Cell membranes.
  • Functional: Enzymes (catalysts), Antibodies (defense), Haemoglobin (oxygen transport), Fibrin (clotting), Actin/Myosin (muscle movement).

Structure: Made of Amino Acids (Amino group, Carboxyl group, Hydrogen, R-group). 20 common types found in proteins.

Lipids

Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents. Composed of Glycerol and Fatty Acids.

  • Saturated Fatty Acids: No double bonds, solid at room temp (e.g., animal fats).
  • Unsaturated Fatty Acids: One or more double bonds, liquid at room temp (e.g., plant oils).
  • Functions: Long-term energy storage, Insulation, Cell membrane structure (Phospholipids), Hormones (Steroids).

Nucleic Acids

Polymers of Nucleotides (Pentose sugar + Nitrogenous base + Phosphate).

  • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): Double helix. Bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G). Stores genetic information (Genes).
  • RNA (Ribonucleic Acid): Single stranded. Bases: A, Uracil (U), C, G. Involved in protein synthesis. Types: mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), rRNA (ribosomal).

Central Dogma: DNA -> Transcription -> mRNA -> Translation -> Protein.

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