Comprehensive notes, solved MCQs, and Short Questions for Class 10 Chemistry Chapter 16 Chemical Industries. Covers Metallurgy (Copper Extraction), Solvay Process (Sodium Carbonate), Urea Manufacturing, Petroleum Industry.
Mineral vs Ore: Minerals are natural materials containing metals. Ores are minerals from which metals can be extracted commercially/profitably. Gangue: Earthly impurities in ores.
Concentration Methods: Refers to removal of gangue.
Roasting: Heating ore (Copper Pyrite CuFeS2) in excess air. 2CuFeS2 + O2 -> Cu2S + 2FeS + SO2.
Smelting: Roasted ore + Sand + Coke heated in Blast Furnace. Ferrous Sulphide oxidizes to FeO and reacts with Sand (SiO2) to form Slag (FeSiO3). Product is Matte (Cu2S + FeS).
Bessemerization: Molten matte heated in Bessemer converter. FeS removed as slag. Cu2S oxidizes to Cu2O which reacts with remaining Cu2S to form Metallic Copper. Product is Blister Copper (98% pure, blistered surface due to escaping gases).
Refining: Electrolyte: CuSO4. Anode: Impure Copper. Cathode: Pure Copper. 99.9% pure copper deposits on cathode.
Principle: Low solubility of Sodium Bicarbonate at 15°C.
Raw Materials: Sodium Chloride (Brine), Limestone (CaCO3), Ammonia (NH3).
Steps:
Advantages: Cheap raw materials, polliution free, NH3/CO2 are reused.
Urea (NH2CONH2): Nitrogenous fertilizer (46.6% Nitrogen). White crystalline, highly soluble.
Raw Materials: Ammonia (NH3) from Haber's Process, Carbon Dioxide (CO2).
Process:
Fertilizers:
Natural: Manure, compost. Improves soil structure/texture.
Synthetic: Chemical fertilizers (N, P, K). Fast acting but can cause environmental issues (Eutrophication).
Petroleum (Rock Oil): Complex mixture of hydrocarbons formed by decomposition of dead organic matter buried under Earth's crust (Organic Theory).
Refining: Fractional Distillation separation based on boiling points.
Important Fractions: