Complete notes for Chapter 23 Biotechnology. Covers Recombinant DNA Technology, PCR, DNA Fingerprinting, Human Genome Project, Gene Therapy, and Tissue Culture.
Definition: The use of living organisms, their systems, or processes in manufacturing and service industries.
Automated method to amplify DNA millions of times in test tubes. Uses Taq Polymerase (thermostable enzyme from Thermus aquaticus). Steps: Denaturation, Annealing of Primers, Extension.
Collection of bacterial or phage clones containing the entire genome of an organism. Probes are used to find specific genes in the library.
Based on Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs). Steps: Restriction digestion, Gel Electrophoresis (separates fragments by size), Southern Blotting, Probing. Used in forensics (crime scenes) and paternity disputes.
Determining the order of nucleotides. Sanger's Method (Dideoxy method) and Maxam-Gilbert Method (Chemical method).
Goals: Map all human genes and sequence the 3 billion base pairs. Chromosome 22 was the first to be sequenced.
Produced by recombinant DNA. Applications: Production of Insulin, Human Growth Hormone, Interferons. Bioremediation (cleaning oil spills, removing toxins). Bio-filters.
Methods: Protoplast fusion, Particle Gun (Gene Gun), Agrobacterium-mediated transfer. Traits: Insect resistance (Bt Cotton), Herbicide resistance, Salt tolerance, Improved nutritional quality (e.g., Soybeans with specific fatty acids).
Gene Pharming: Producing pharmaceuticals in animal milk (e.g., Antithrombin III in goat milk). Microinjection of DNA into eggs. Enhanced growth rates (Bovine Growth Hormone).
Insertion of genetic material to treat disorders.
Growth of tissue in artificial medium. Based on Totipotency (ability of a cell to grow into entire organism).